Living Law in Indonesia’s 2023 Criminal Code: Navigating Between Formal Recognition and the Need for Implementing Regulations
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The recognition of living law as one of the sources of national law has gained strong legitimacy through Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the new Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP). Under this provision, customary law is acknowledged as a valid basis for criminalization, provided that it aligns with the principles of national law and human rights. However, this recognition still faces serious challenges, primarily due to the absence of detailed and harmonized implementing regulations. The lack of such regulatory instruments risks creating legal uncertainty, inconsistent application across regions, and tensions between state law and customary law. This study aims to analyze the needs and challenges of harmonizing customary law with the national legal system to support the effective implementation of living law following the enactment of the 2023 KUHP. The research adopts a normative legal method, utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches, along with an analysis of the provisions related to living law in the KUHP. The findings indicate that without adequate harmonization, the recognition of living law risks remaining a normative concept that is difficult to implement effectively. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate implementing regulations that clearly define boundaries, establish mechanisms for verifying the existence of customary law, and integrate local values into the national legal framework to ensure the effective operation of living law within Indonesia’s rule of law system
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